# API Documentation¶

## anova¶

anova.anova_decomposition(t, marginals=None)[source]

Compute an extended tensor that contains all terms of the ANOVA decomposition for a given tensor.

Reference: R. Ballester-Ripoll, E. G. Paredes, and R. Pajarola: “Sobol Tensor Trains for Global Sensitivity Analysis” (2017)

Parameters: t – ND input tensor marginals – list of N vectors, each containing the PMF for each variable (use None for uniform distributions) a Tensor

Computes the dimension distribution of an ND tensor.

Parameters: t – ND input Tensor mask – an optional mask Tensor to restrict to order – int, compute only this many order contributions. By default, all N are returned marginals – PMFs for input variables. By default, uniform distributions a PyTorch vector containing N elements

Computes the mean dimension of a given tensor with given marginal distributions. This quantity measures how well the represented function can be expressed as a sum of low-parametric functions. For example, mean dimension 1 (the lowest possible value) means that it is a purely additive function: $$f(x_1, ..., x_N) = f_1(x_1) + ... + f_N(x_N)$$.

Assumption: the input variables $$x_n$$ are independently distributed.

References:

Parameters: t – an N-dimensional Tensor marginals – a list of N vectors (will be normalized if not summing to 1). If None (default), uniform distributions are assumed for all variables a scalar >= 1

Compute Sobol indices (as given by a certain mask) for a tensor and independently distributed input variables.

Reference: R. Ballester-Ripoll, E. G. Paredes, and R. Pajarola: “Sobol Tensor Trains for Global Sensitivity Analysis” (2017)

Parameters: t – an N-dimensional Tensor mask – an N-dimensional mask marginals – a list of N vectors (will be normalized if not summing to 1). If None (default), uniform distributions are assumed for all variables normalize – whether to normalize indices by the total variance of the model (True by default) a scalar >= 0

Given a tensor and a mask, return the function that results after deleting all ANOVA terms that do not satisfy the mask.

>>> t = ...  # an ND tensor
>>> x = tn.symbols(t.dim())[0]
>>> t2 = tn.truncate_anova(t, mask=tn.only(x), keepdim=False)  # This tensor will depend on one variable only
Parameters: t – mask – keepdim – if True, all dummy dimensions will be preserved, otherwise they will disappear. Default is False marginals – see anova_decomposition() a Tensor
anova.undo_anova_decomposition(a)[source]

Undo the transformation done by anova_decomposition().

Parameters: a – a Tensor obtained with anova_decomposition() a Tensor t that has a as its ANOVA tensor

## autodiff¶

autodiff.dof(t)[source]

Compute the number of degrees of freedom of a tensor network.

It is the sum of sizes of all its tensor nodes that have the requires_grad=True flag.

Parameters: t – input tensor an integer

High-level wrapper for iterative learning.

Default stopping criterion: either the absolute (or relative) loss improvement must fall below tol. In addition, the rate loss improvement must be slowing down.

Parameters: tensors – one or several tensors; will be fed to loss_function and optimized in place loss_function – must take tensors and return a scalar (or tuple thereof) optimizer – one from https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/optim.html. Default is torch.optim.Adam tol – stopping criterion max_iter – default is 1e4 print_freq – progress will be printed every this many iterations verbose –

## automata¶

automata.accepted_inputs(t)[source]

Returns all strings accepted by an automaton, in alphabetical order.

Note: each string s will appear as many times as the value t[s]

Parameters: t – a Tensor a Torch matrix, each row is one string
automata.length(N)[source]
Todo: N –
automata.weight(N, nsymbols=2)[source]

For any string, counts how many 1’s it has

Parameters: N – number of dimensions nsymbols – slices per core (default is 2) a mask tensor

Accepts a string iff its number of 1’s equals (or is in) weight

Parameters: N – number of dimensions weight – an integer (or list thereof): recognized weight(s) nsymbols – slices per core (default is 2) a mask tensor
automata.weight_one_hot(N, r=None, nsymbols=2)[source]

Given a string with $$k$$ 1’s, it produces a vector that represents $$k$$ in one hot encoding

Parameters: N – number of dimensions r – nsymbols – a vector of N zeros, except its $$k$$-th element which is a 1

## create¶

create.arange(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Creates a 1D Tensor (see PyTorch’s arange).

Parameters: args – kwargs – a 1D Tensor

Generates identity matrix like PyTorch’s eye().

Parameters: n – number of rows m – number of columns (default is n) a 2D Tensor
create.full(shape, fill_value, **kwargs)[source]

Generate a Tensor filled with a constant.

Parameters: shape – list of ints fill_value – constant to fill the tensor with requires_grad – device – a TT Tensor of rank 1
create.full_like(t, fill_value, **kwargs)[source]

Calls full() with the shape of a given tensor.

Parameters: t – a tensor kwargs – a Tensor
create.gaussian(shape, sigma_factor=0.2)[source]

Create a multivariate Gaussian that is axis-aligned (i.e. with diagonal covariance matrix).

Parameters: shape – list of ints sigma_factor – a real (or list of reals) encoding the ratio sigma / shape. Default is 0.2, i.e. one fifth along each dimension a Tensor that sums to 1
create.gaussian_like(tensor, **kwargs)[source]

Calls gaussian() with the shape of a given tensor.

Parameters: t – a tensor kwargs – a Tensor
create.linspace(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Creates a 1D Tensor with evenly spaced values (see PyTorch’s linspace).

Parameters: args – kwargs – a 1D Tensor
create.logspace(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Creates a 1D Tensor with logarithmically spaced values (see PyTorch’s logspace).

Parameters: args – kwargs – a 1D Tensor
create.ones(*shape, **kwargs)[source]

Generate a Tensor filled with ones.

>>> tn.ones(10)  # Vector of ones
Parameters: shape – N ints (or a list of ints) requires_grad – device – a TT Tensor of rank 1
create.ones_like(t, **kwargs)[source]

Calls ones() with the shape of a given tensor.

Parameters: t – a tensor kwargs – a Tensor
create.rand(*shape, **kwargs)[source]

Generate a Tensor with random cores (and optionally factors), whose entries are uniform in $$[0, 1]$$.

>>> tn.rand([10, 10], ranks_tt=3)  # Rank-3 TT tensor of shape 10x10
Parameters: shape – N ints (or a list of ints) ranks_tt – an integer or list of N-1 ints ranks_cp – an int or list. If a list, will be interleaved with ranks_tt ranks_tucker – an int or list requires_grad – default is False device – a random tensor
create.rand_like(t, **kwargs)[source]

Calls rand() with the shape of a given tensor.

Parameters: t – a tensor kwargs – a Tensor
create.randn(*shape, **kwargs)[source]

Like rand(), but entries are normally distributed with $$\mu=0, \sigma=1$$.

create.randn_like(t, **kwargs)[source]

Calls randn() with the shape of a given tensor.

Parameters: t – a tensor kwargs – a Tensor
create.zeros(*shape, **kwargs)[source]

Generate a Tensor filled with zeros.

Parameters: shape – N ints (or a list of ints) requires_grad – device – a TT Tensor of rank 1
create.zeros_like(t, **kwargs)[source]

Calls zeros() with the shape of a given tensor.

Parameters: t – a tensor kwargs – a Tensor

## cross¶

cross.cross(function, domain=None, tensors=None, function_arg='vectors', ranks_tt=None, kickrank=3, rmax=100, eps=1e-06, max_iter=25, val_size=1000, verbose=True, return_info=False)[source]

Cross-approximation routine that samples a black-box function and returns an N-dimensional tensor train approximating it. It accepts either:

• A domain (tensor product of $$N$$ given arrays) and a function $$\mathbb{R}^N \to \mathbb{R}$$
• A list of $$K$$ tensors of dimension $$N$$ and equal shape and a function $$\mathbb{R}^K \to \mathbb{R}$$
>>> tn.cross(function=lambda x: x**2, tensors=[t])  # Compute the element-wise square of t using 5 TT-ranks
>>> domain = [torch.linspace(-1, 1, 32)]*5
>>> tn.cross(function=lambda x, y, z, t, w: x**2 + y*z + torch.cos(t + w), domain=domain)  # Approximate a function over the rectangle :math:[-1, 1]^5
>>> tn.cross(function=lambda x: torch.sum(x**2, dim=1), domain=domain, function_arg='matrix')  # An example where the function accepts a matrix

References:

Parameters: function – should produce a vector of $$P$$ elements. Accepts either $$N$$ comma-separated vectors, or a matrix (see function_arg) domain – a list of $$N$$ vectors (incompatible with tensors) tensors – a Tensor or list thereof (incompatible with domain) function_arg – if ‘vectors’, function accepts $$N$$ vectors of length $$P$$ each. If ‘matrix’, a matrix of shape $$P \times N$$. ranks_tt – int or list of $$N-1$$ ints. If None, will be determined adaptively kickrank – when adaptively found, ranks will be increased by this amount after every iteration (full sweep left-to-right and right-to-left) rmax – this rank will not be surpassed eps – the procedure will stop after this validation error is met (as measured after each iteration) max_iter – int val_size – size of the validation set verbose – default is True return_info – if True, will also return a dictionary with informative metrics about the algorithm’s outcome an N-dimensional TT Tensor (if return_info=True, also a dictionary)

## derivatives¶

derivatives.active_subspace(t)[source]

Compute the main variational directions of a tensor.

Reference: P. Constantine et al. “Discovering an Active Subspace in a Single-Diode Solar Cell Model” (2017)

Parameters: t – input tensor (eigvals, eigvecs): an array and a matrix, encoding the eigenpairs in descending order
derivatives.curl(ts, bounds=None)[source]

Compute the curl of a 3D vector field.

Parameters: ts – three 3D tensors encoding the $$x, y, z$$ vector coordinates respectively bounds – three tensors of the same shape
derivatives.divergence(ts, bounds=None)[source]

Computes the divergence (scalar field) out of a vector field encoded in a tensor.

Parameters: ts – an ND vector field, encoded as a list of N ND tensors bounds – a scalar field

Compute the gradient of a tensor.

Parameters: t – a Tensor dim – an integer (or list of integers). Default is all bounds – a pair (or list of pairs) of reals, or None. The bounds for each variable a Tensor (or a list thereof)
derivatives.laplacian(t, bounds=None)[source]

Computes the Laplacian of a scalar field.

Parameters: t – a Tensor bounds – a Tensor
derivatives.partial(t, dim, order=1, bounds=None, periodic=False, pad='top')[source]

Compute a single partial derivative.

Parameters: t – a Tensor dim – int or list of ints order – how many times to derive. Default is 1 bounds – variable(s) range bounds (to compute the derivative step). If None (default), step 1 will be assumed periodic – int or list of ints (same as dim), mark dimensions with periodicity pad – string or list of strings indicating dimension zero-padding after differentiation. If ‘top’ (default) or ‘bottom’, the tensor will retain the same shape after the derivative. If ‘none’ it will lose one slice a Tensor

Given a tensor, compute another one that contains all partial derivatives of certain order(s) and according to some optional mask.

>>> t = tn.rand([10, 10, 10])  # A 3D tensor
>>> x, y, z = tn.symbols(3)
>>> partialset(t, 1, x)  # x
>>> partialset(t, 2, x)  # xx, xy, xz
>>> partialset(t, 2, tn.only(y | z))  # yy, yz, zz
Parameters: t – a Tensor order – an int or list of ints. Default is 1 mask – an optional mask to select only a subset of partials bounds – a list of pairs [lower bound, upper bound] specifying parameter ranges (used to compute derivative steps). If None (default), all steps will be 1 a Tensor

## logic¶

logic.absence(N, which)[source]

True iff all symbols in which are absent.

Parameters: N – int which – a list of ints a masked Tensor
logic.all(N, which=None)[source]

Create a formula (N-dimensional tensor) that is satisfied iff all symbols are true.

Parameters: N – an integer which – list of integers to consider (default: all) a $$2^N$$ Tensor
logic.any(N, which=None)[source]

Create a formula (N-dimensional tensor) that is satisfied iff at least one symbol is true.

Parameters: N – an integer which – list of integers to consider (default: all) a $$2^N$$ Tensor
logic.equiv(t1, t2)[source]

Checks if two formulas are logically equivalent.

Parameters: t1 – a $$2^N$$ Tensor t2 – a $$2^N$$ Tensor True if t1 implies t2 and vice versa; False otherwise
logic.false(N)[source]

Create a formula (N-dimensional tensor) that is always false.

Parameters: N – an integer a $$2^N$$ Tensor
logic.implies(t1, t2)[source]

Checks if a formula implies another one (i.e. is a sufficient condition).

Parameters: t1 – a $$2^N$$ Tensor t2 – a $$2^N$$ Tensor True if t1 implies t2; False otherwise
logic.irrelevant_symbols(t)[source]

Finds all variables whose values never affect the formula’s output.

Parameters: t – a $$2^N$$ Tensor a list of integers

Checks if a formula is never satisfied.

Parameters: t – a $$2^N$$ tensor True if t is a contradiction; False otherwise
logic.is_satisfiable(t)[source]

Checks if a formula can be satisfied.

Parameters: t – a $$2^N$$ Tensor True if t is satisfiable; False otherwise
logic.is_tautology(t)[source]

Checks if a formula is always satisfied.

Parameters: t – a $$2^N$$ Tensor True if t is a tautology; False otherwise
logic.none(N, which=None)[source]

Create a formula (N-dimensional tensor) that is satisfied iff all symbols are false.

Parameters: N – an integer which – list of integers to consider (default: all) a $$2^N$$ Tensor
logic.one(N, which=None)[source]

Create a formula (N-dimensional tensor) that is satisfied iff one and only one input is true.

Also known as “n-ary exclusive or”.

Parameters: N – an integer which – list of integers to consider (default: all) a $$2^N$$ Tensor
logic.only(t)[source]

Forces all irrelevant symbols to be zero.

>>> x, y = tn.symbols(2)
>>> tn.sum(x)  # Result: 2 (x = True, y = False, and x = True, y = True)
>>> tn.sum(tn.only(x))  # Result: 1 (x = True, y = False)
Param: a $$2^N$$ Tensor a masked Tensor
logic.presence(N, which)[source]

True iff all symbols in which are present.

Parameters: N – int which – a list of ints a masked Tensor
logic.relevant_symbols(t)[source]

Finds all variables whose values affect the formula’s output in at least one case.

Parameters: t – a $$2^N$$ Tensor a list of integers
logic.symbols(N)[source]

Generate N Boolean symbols (each represented as an N-dimensional tensor).

Parameters: N – an integer a list of N $$2^N$$ Tensor
logic.true(N)[source]

Create a formula (N-dimensional tensor) that is always true.

Parameters: N – an integer a $$2^N$$ Tensor

## metrics¶

metrics.dist(t1, t2)[source]

Computes the Euclidean distance between two tensors. Generally faster than tn.norm(t1-t2).

Parameters: t1 – a Tensor (or a PyTorch tensor) t2 – a Tensor (or a PyTorch tensor) a scalar $$\ge 0$$
metrics.dot(t1, t2, k=None)[source]

Generalized tensor dot product: contracts the k leading dimensions of two tensors of dimension N1 and N2.

• If k is None:
• If N1 == N2, returns a scalar (dot product between the two tensors)
• If N1 < N2, the result will have dimension N2 - N1
• If N2 < N1, the result will have dimension N1 - N2

Example: suppose t1 has shape 3 x 4 and t2 has shape 3 x 4 x 5 x 6. Then, tn.dot(t1, t2) will have shape 5 x 6.

• If k is given:

The trailing (N1-k) dimensions from the 1st tensor will be sorted backwards, and then the trailing (N2-k) dimensions from the 2nd tensor will be appended to them.

Example: suppose t1 has shape 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 and t2 has shape 3 x 4 x 10 x 11. Then, tn.dot(t1, t2, k=2) will have shape 6 x 5 x 10 x 11.

Parameters: t1 – a Tensor (or a PyTorch tensor) t2 – a Tensor (or a PyTorch tensor) k – an int (default: None) a scalar (if k is None and t1.dim() == t2.dim()), a tensor otherwise
metrics.kurtosis(t, fisher=True)[source]

Computes the kurtosis of a Tensor. Note: this function uses cross-approximation (tntorch.cross()).

Parameters: t – a Tensor fisher – if True (default) Fisher’s definition is used, otherwise Pearson’s (aka excess) a scalar
metrics.mean(t, dim=None, keepdim=False)[source]

Computes the mean of a Tensor along all or some of its dimensions.

Parameters: t – a Tensor dim – an int or list of ints (default: all) keepdim – whether to keep the same number of dimensions a scalar
metrics.norm(t)[source]

Computes the $$L^2$$ (Frobenius) norm of a tensor.

Parameters: t – a Tensor a scalar $$\ge 0$$
metrics.normsq(t)[source]

Computes the squared norm of a Tensor.

Parameters: t – a Tensor a scalar $$\ge 0$$
metrics.r_squared(gt, approx)[source]

Computes the $$R^2$$ score between two tensors (torch or tntorch).

Parameters: gt – a torch or tntorch tensor approx – a torch or tntorch tensor a scalar <= 1
metrics.relative_error(gt, approx)[source]

Computes the relative error between two tensors (torch or tntorch).

Parameters: gt – a torch or tntorch tensor approx – a torch or tntorch tensor a scalar $$\ge 0$$
metrics.rmse(gt, approx)[source]

Computes the RMSE between two tensors (torch or tntorch).

Parameters: gt – a torch or tntorch tensor approx – a torch or tntorch tensor a scalar $$\ge 0$$
metrics.skew(t)[source]

Computes the skewness of a Tensor. Note: this function uses cross-approximation (tntorch.cross()).

Parameters: t – a Tensor a scalar
metrics.std(t)[source]

Computes the standard deviation of a Tensor.

Parameters: t – a Tensor a scalar $$\ge 0$$
metrics.sum(t, dim=None, keepdim=False, _normalize=False)[source]

Compute the sum of a tensor along all (or some) of its dimensions.

Parameters: t – input Tensor dim – an int or list of ints. By default, all dims will be summed keepdim – if True, summed dimensions will be kept as singletons. Default is False a scalar (if keepdim is False and all dims were chosen) or Tensor otherwise
metrics.var(t)[source]

Computes the variance of a Tensor.

Parameters: t – a Tensor a scalar $$\ge 0$$

## ops¶

ops.abs(t)[source]

Element-wise absolute value computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s abs().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.acos(t)[source]

Element-wise arccosine computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s acos().

Parameters: t – input :class:Tensors a Tensor

Parameters: t1 – input Tensor t2 – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.asin(t)[source]

Element-wise arcsine computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s asin().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.atan2(t1, t2)[source]

Element-wise arctangent computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s atan2().

Parameters: t1 – input Tensor t2 – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.cos(t)[source]

Element-wise cosine computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s cos().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.cosh(t)[source]

Element-wise hyperbolic cosine computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s cosh().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.cumprod(t, dim=None)[source]

Computes the cumulative sum of a tensor along one or several dims, similarly to PyTorch’s cumprod().

Note: this function is approximate and uses cross-approximation (tntorch.cross())

Parameters: t – input Tensor dim – an int or list of ints (default: all) a Tensor of the same shape
ops.cumsum(t, dim=None)[source]

Computes the cumulative sum of a tensor along one or several dims, similarly to PyTorch’s cumsum().

Parameters: t – input Tensor dim – an int or list of ints (default: all) a Tensor of the same shape
ops.div(t1, t2)[source]

Element-wise division computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s div().

Parameters: t1 – input Tensor t2 – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.erf(t)[source]

Element-wise error function computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s erf().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.erfinv(t)[source]

Element-wise inverse error function computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s erfinv().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.exp(t)[source]

Element-wise exponentiation computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s exp().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.log(t)[source]

Element-wise natural logarithm computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s log().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.log10(t)[source]

Element-wise base-10 logarithm computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s log10().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.log2(t)[source]

Element-wise base-2 logarithm computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s log2().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.mul(t1, t2)[source]

Element-wise product computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s mul().

Parameters: t1 – input Tensor t2 – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.pow(t1, t2)[source]

Element-wise power operation computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s pow().

Parameters: t1 – input Tensor t2 – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.reciprocal(t)[source]

Element-wise reciprocal computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s reciprocal().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.rsqrt(t)[source]

Element-wise square-root reciprocal computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s rsqrt().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.sigmoid(t)[source]

Element-wise sigmoid computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s igmoid().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.sin(t)[source]

Element-wise sine computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s in().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.sinh(t)[source]

Element-wise hyperbolic sine computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s inh().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.sqrt(t)[source]

Element-wise square root computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s qrt().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.tan(t)[source]

Element-wise tangent computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s tan().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor
ops.tanh(t)[source]

Element-wise hyperbolic tangent computed using cross-approximation; see PyTorch’s tanh().

Parameters: t – input Tensor a Tensor

## round¶

round.round(t, **kwargs)[source]

Copies and rounds a tensor (see tensor.Tensor.round().

Parameters: t – input Tensor kwargs – a rounded copy of t
round.round_tt(t, **kwargs)[source]

Copies and rounds a tensor (see tensor.Tensor.round_tt().

Parameters: t – input Tensor kwargs – a rounded copy of t
round.round_tucker(t, **kwargs)[source]

Copies and rounds a tensor (see tensor.Tensor.round_tucker().

Parameters: t – input Tensor kwargs – a rounded copy of t
round.truncated_svd(M, delta=None, eps=None, rmax=None, left_ortho=True, algorithm='svd', verbose=False)[source]

Decomposes a matrix M (size (m x n) in two factors U and V (sizes m x r and r x n) with bounded error (or given r).

Parameters: M – a matrix delta – if provided, maximum error norm eps – if provided, maximum relative error rmax – optionally, maximum r left_ortho – if True (default), U will be orthonormal. If False, V will algorithm – ‘svd’ (default) or ‘eig’. The latter is often faster, but less accurate verbose – Boolean U, V

## tensor¶

class tensor.Tensor(data, Us=None, idxs=None, device=None, requires_grad=None, ranks_cp=None, ranks_tucker=None, ranks_tt=None, eps=None, max_iter=25, tol=0.0001, verbose=False)[source]

Bases: object

Class for all tensor networks. Currently supported: tensor train (TT), CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP), Tucker, and hybrid formats.

Internal representation: an ND tensor has N cores, with each core following one of four options:

• Size $$R_{n-1} \times I_n \times R_n$$ (standard TT core)
• Size $$R_{n-1} \times S_n \times R_n$$ (TT-Tucker core), accompanied by an $$I_n \times S_n$$ factor matrix
• Size $$I_n \times R$$ (CP factor matrix)
• Size $$S_n \times R_n$$ (CP-Tucker core), accompanied by an $$I_n \times S_n$$ factor matrix

The constructor can either:

• Decompose an uncompressed tensor
• Use an explicit list of tensor cores (and optionally, factors)

See this notebook for examples of use.

Parameters: data – a NumPy ndarray, PyTorch tensor, or a list of cores (which can represent either CP factors or TT cores) Us – optional list of Tucker factors idxs – annotate maskable tensors (advanced users) device – PyTorch device requires_grad – Boolean ranks_cp – an integer (or list) ranks_tucker – an integer (or list) ranks_tt – an integer (or list) eps – maximal error max_iter – maximum number of iterations when computing a CP decomposition using ALS tol – stopping criterion (change in relative error) when computing a CP decomposition using ALS verbose – Boolean
as_leaf()[source]

Makes this tensor a leaf (optimizable) tensor, thus forgetting the operations from which it arose.

>>> t = tn.rand([10]*3, requires_grad=True)  # Is a leaf
>>> t *= 2  # Is not a leaf
>>> t.as_leaf()  # Is a leaf again
clone()[source]

Creates a copy of this tensor (calls PyTorch’s clone() on all internal tensor network nodes)

Returns: another compressed tensor
decompress_tucker_factors(dim='all', _clone=True)[source]

Decompresses this tensor along the Tucker factors only.

Parameters: dim – int, list, or ‘all’ (default) a Tensor in CP/TT format, without Tucker factors
dim()[source]

Returns the number of dimensions of this tensor.

Returns: an int
dot(other, **kwargs)[source]

See metrics.dot().

factor_orthogonalize(mu)[source]

Pushes the factor’s non-orthogonal part to its corresponding core.

This method works in place.

Parameters: mu – an int between 0 and N-1
left_orthogonalize(mu)[source]

Makes the mu-th core left-orthogonal and pushes the R factor to its right core. This may change the ranks of the cores.

This method works in place.

Note: internally, this method will turn CP (or CP-Tucker) cores into TT (or TT-Tucker) ones.

Parameters: mu – an int between 0 and N-1 the R factor
mean(**kwargs)[source]

See metrics.mean().

norm(**kwargs)[source]

See metrics.norm().

normsq(**kwargs)[source]

See metrics.normsq().

numcoef()[source]

Counts the total number of compressed coefficients of this tensor.

Returns: an integer
numel()[source]

Counts the total number of uncompressed elements of this tensor.

Returns: an integer
numpy()[source]

Decompresses this tensor into a NumPy ndarray.

Returns: a NumPy tensor
orthogonalize(mu)[source]

Apply all left and right orthogonalizations needed to make the tensor mu-orthogonal.

This method works in place.

Note: internally, this method will turn CP (or CP-Tucker) cores into TT (or TT-Tucker) ones.

Parameters: mu – an int between 0 and N-1 L, R: left and right factors
ranks_tt

Returns the TT ranks of this tensor.

Returns: a vector of integers
ranks_tucker

Returns the Tucker ranks of this tensor.

Returns: a vector of integers
repeat(*rep)[source]

Returns another tensor repeated along one or more axes; works like PyTorch’s repeat().

Parameters: rep – a list, possibly longer than the tensor’s number of dimensions another tensor
right_orthogonalize(mu)[source]
Makes the mu-th core right-orthogonal and pushes the L factor to its left core. Note: this may change the ranks
of the tensor.

This method works in place.

Note: internally, this method will turn CP (or CP-Tucker) cores into TT (or TT-Tucker) ones.

Parameters: mu – an int between 0 and N-1 the L factor
round(eps=1e-14, **kwargs)[source]

General recompression. Attempts to reduce TT ranks first; then does Tucker rounding with the remaining error budget.

Parameters: eps – this relative error will not be exceeded kwargs – passed to round_tt() and round_tucker()
round_tt(eps=1e-14, rmax=None, algorithm='svd', verbose=False)[source]

Tries to recompress this tensor in place by reducing its TT ranks.

Note: this method will turn CP (or CP-Tucker) cores into TT (or TT-Tucker) ones.

Parameters: eps – this relative error will not be exceeded rmax – all ranks should be rmax at most (default: no limit) algorithm – ‘svd’ (default) or ‘eig’. The latter can be faster, but less accurate verbose –
round_tucker(eps=1e-14, rmax=None, dim='all', algorithm='svd')[source]

Tries to recompress this tensor in place by reducing its Tucker ranks.

Note: this method will turn CP (or CP-Tucker) cores into TT (or TT-Tucker) ones.

Parameters: eps – this relative error will not be exceeded rmax – all ranks should be rmax at most (default: no limit) algorithm – ‘svd’ (default) or ‘eig’. The latter can be faster, but less accurate verbose –

Sets factors Us of this tensor to be of a certain family.

Parameters: name – See tools.generate_basis() dim – list of factors to set; default is ‘all’ requires_grad – whether the new factors should be optimizable. Default is False
shape

Returns the shape of this tensor.

Returns: a PyTorch shape object
size()[source]

Alias for shape() (as PyTorch does)

std(**kwargs)[source]

See metrics.std().

sum(**kwargs)[source]

See metrics.sum().

torch()[source]

Decompresses this tensor into a PyTorch tensor.

Returns: a PyTorch tensor
tt()[source]

Casts this tensor as a pure TT format.

Returns: a Tensor in the TT format
tucker_core()[source]

If this is a Tucker-like tensor, returns its Tucker core as an explicit PyTorch tensor.

If this tensor does not have Tucker factors, then it returns the full decompressed tensor.

Returns: a PyTorch tensor
var(**kwargs)[source]

See metrics.var().

## tools¶

tools.cat(*ts, dim)[source]

Concatenate two or more tensors along a given dim, similarly to PyTorch’s cat().

Parameters: ts – a list of Tensor dim – an int a Tensor of the same shape as all tensors in the list, except along dim where it has the sum of shapes
tools.flip(t, dim)[source]

Reverses the order of a tensor along one or several dimensions; see NumPy’s or PyTorch’s flip().

Parameters: t – input Tensor dims – an int or list of ints another Tensor of the same shape
tools.generate_basis(name, shape, orthonormal=False)[source]

Generate a factor matrix whose columns are functions of a truncated basis.

Parameters: name – ‘dct’, ‘legendre’, ‘chebyshev’ or ‘hermite’ shape – two integers orthonormal – whether to orthonormalize the basis a PyTorch matrix of shape
tools.hash(t)[source]

Computes an integer number that depends on the tensor entries (not on its internal compressed representation).

We obtain it as $$\langle T, W \rangle$$, where $$W$$ is a rank-1 tensor of weights selected at random (always the same seed).

Returns: an integer
tools.left_unfolding(core)[source]

Computes the left unfolding of a 3D PyTorch tensor.

Parameters: core – a PyTorch tensor of shape $$I_1 \times I_2 \times I_3$$ a PyTorch matrix of shape $$I_1 I_2 \times I_3$$

Masks a tensor. Basically an element-wise product, but this function makes sure slices are matched according to their “meaning” (as annotated by the tensor’s idx field, if available)

tools.meshgrid(*axes)[source]

See NumPy’s or PyTorch’s meshgrid().

Parameters: axes – a list of N ints or torch vectors a list of N Tensor, of N dimensions each
tools.reduce(ts, function, eps=0, rmax=2147483647, algorithm='svd', verbose=False, **kwargs)[source]

Compute a tensor as a function to all tensors in a sequence.

>>> import operator
Example 2 (cat with bounded rank):

>>> tn.reduce([t1, t2], tn.cat, rmax=10)
Parameters: ts – A generator (or list) of Tensor eps – intermediate tensors will be rounded at this error when climbing up the hierarchy rmax – no node should exceed this number of ranks algorithm – passed to round.round() verbose – Boolean the reduced result
tools.right_unfolding(core)[source]

Computes the right unfolding of a 3D PyTorch tensor.

Parameters: core – a PyTorch tensor of shape $$I_1 \times I_2 \times I_3$$ a PyTorch matrix of shape $$I_1 \times I_2 I_3$$
tools.sample(t, P=1)[source]

Generate P points (with replacement) from a joint PDF distribution represented by a tensor.

The tensor does not have to sum 1 (will be handled in a normalized form).

Parameters: t – a Tensor P – how many samples to draw (default: 1) an integer matrix of size $$P \times N$$
tools.squeeze(t, dim=None)[source]

Removes singleton dimensions.

Parameters: t – input Tensor dim – which dim to delete. By default, all that have size 1 another Tensor, without dummy (singleton) indices
tools.transpose(t)[source]

Inverts the dimension order of a tensor, e.g. $$I_1 \times I_2 \times I_3$$ becomes $$I_3 \times I_2 \times I_1$$.

Parameters: t – input tensor another Tensor, indexed by dimensions in inverse order
tools.ttm(t, U, dim=None, transpose=False)[source]

Tensor-times-matrix (TTM) along one or several dimensions.

Parameters: t – input Tensor U – one or several factors dim – one or several dimensions (may be vectors or matrices). If None, the first len(U) dims are assumed transpose – if False (default) the contraction is performed along U’s rows, else along its columns transformed Tensor
tools.unbind(t, dim)[source]

Slices a tensor along a dimension and returns the slices as a sequence, like PyTorch’s unbind().

Parameters: t – input Tensor dim – an int a list of Tensor, as many as t.shape[dim]
tools.unfolding(data, n)[source]

Computes the n-th mode unfolding of a PyTorch tensor.

Parameters: data – a PyTorch tensor n – unfolding mode a PyTorch matrix
tools.unsqueeze(t, dim)[source]

Inserts singleton dimensions at specified positions.

Parameters: t – input Tensor dim – int or list of int a Tensor with dummy (singleton) dimensions inserted at the positions given by dim